There is no simple or single entity which we can call aggression

There is no simple or single entity which we can call aggression† aggression a term simultaneously shared & perceived with violence in general views. However, the two terms are diverse in their respective aspects, even though integral to each other. Violence may be the result of aggression in many cases.Aggression cannot be explained as a simple psychological or emotional state. It is a complex state of mind that might be the result of many things. A number of researches have been conducted in this field to study the human nature & thus prepare an explanation regarding such human behaviors.The definition of aggression as stated by Buss is, â€Å"a response that delivers noxious stimuli to another organism.† [Critical Social Psychology: An Introduction] There are various misunderstandings regarding aggression, even in these modern times, the exact reason is not known, however tests & researches are constantly going on to find the answers as to how & why aggression is trig gered & why it differs person to person.The book Critical Social Psychology mentions two types of aggression:Affective aggression, comprising of strong emotional states & often resulting in injuring someone. Instrumental aggression is usually followed by or accelerated in order to attain some desires. Mostly the feeling is conjured by the stress & problems an individual counters in his or her life. Often the social issues in our society disrupts an otherwise normal life of a person, being accepted in the society is considered to be very important & people tend to do things just to fit in with the others.This example is widely present in adolescents; a student gets emotionally & psychologically disturbed if he or she is not being accepted among their school mates, this feeling arouses desperation which provokes them to perform activities due to peer pressure. Extreme anxiety may lead to aggression which might induce an individual to get violent in order to get prominent or to take re venge.  Young people today watch movies & TV programs that are centered on violence like wrestling. It is common conjecture that media is responsible for the increased percentage of aggression in humans. The comics, cartoons, various TV shows designed for children are full of violence & may elicit aggression in young minds.Not only fiction but real life today depicts hostility, deferentially covered by the modern news channels. This perception mentioned in [The Media: An Introduction] also confer various effects like the tendency of children to imitate what they observe, not having the knowledge to decide between wrong & right. Bandura's experiment declared that 88% children imitate the violence they witness on TV.It is also derived that aggression might be learned as well as controlled, by examining the experiment, with young children exposed to adult hostility towards an object & later rewarded or punished for their activities, it was noted that the children tend to indulge in t he behavior for which they witnessed the adults to be rewarded for.The same intense emotion is eminent in adults for example while watching a sports program, the audience tend to get hyper active while supporting their favorite team; like on 11 October 97, the final qualifying football match between England & Italy which ended in a tie; conversely the newspaper & the TV channels highlighted the crowd hostility that took place during the match instead of the result, followed by contemplation concerning the issue. [Sociology, 1998]Not every mind is alike hence the same message is perceived in different ways by different minds. While one person may realize that the violence being shown is negative & should be avoided, another might get inspired from it. Social norms & conflicts affect individuals drastically; the wars around the world & other issues might induce negative mind-set in people hence resulting in aggression.There are many misconceptions regarding aggression, since it is a c omplex condition & cannot be summed up easily, hence it is vital to consider the social & physiological conditions of each individual to come up with a proper explanation. Violence & aggression are interrelated & maybe used as a means of internal sub control [Social Psychology: Conflicts & Continuities] especially when today our society is divided among different races & religions.Every individual considers him to be the righteous one & reacts strongly when verbally or physically challenged. In various cultures, aggression is employed either individually or in group to produce or stop social change in a society. In order to understand the reasons behind this atrocity, it is important to learn what aggression really is, only then we would truly understand the causes & the various possibilities. [From Animosity to Atrocity]The world which we live in today is labeled as a modern world, nevertheless, the irrationality of the violence & riots in cultures. Even today one finds the news of children tortured physically & mentally by parents or teachers & questions his mind whether we are living in the 21st century.The human mind is a difficult chapter to study; psychologists come up with various explanations regarding the aggressive nature of mankind but fail to answer the new questions that arise as a result of that theory. A normal individual today is faced to so much violent behavior that he initially gets used to it & then ignores it.Nobody can answer what goes on in a murderers mind when he or she kills some one, or targets someone with brutal physical or verbal conduct. Researches by previous psychologists were usually based on a number of false assumptions like the works of Freud, Lorenz & Wilson which was later rejected, claimed that aggression was a natural instinct in humans like animals.The fact was also rejected that aggression occurred as a result of biological reasons. However it is accepted that the extreme feeling might evolve due to historical, social or cultural circumstances. [Critical Social Psychology: An Introduction]

Bulgaria country

The principle of Bulgarian foreign strategy is to carry on defining the international priorities and tactical orientation of their country, being accountable to its citizens and to their associates and partners. Bulgaria aims at clearness and predictability in resolution making and completion of foreign policy and applies an unbiased approach in foreign policy behavior and initiatives. (Seymore B, 1993, p. 70) Bulgaria is a staunch backer of the universal self-governing and humanitarian values and ensues from their defense and promotion as a structure for its foreign policy.Bulgaria’s EU association has created new opportunities for enhancing the country’s task and reputation in the international neighborhood. (Blankson A, 2007, p. 92) How Bulgaria uses its ‘Instruments of foreign policy’ to influence the international community Bulgaria is building great efforts to endorse peace, security and constancy especially on a local scale, and globally as well, gui ded by the sympathetic of the indivisibility of intercontinental security and by its loyalty to universal democratic and human principles. (Stone W, 2002, p. 87)Bulgaria as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) associate, continues its hard work towards adequate and effective participation in the policy and decision making procedure of NATO and for the triumphant integration of the nationwide interests. (Stone W, 2002, p. 88) Bulgaria pursues vigorous foreign policy that takes full explanation of the challenges of globalizing contemporary world. The country continues to triumph recognition as a dependable partner in fighting terrorism and other intimidation to international safety. (Brzezinski W, 2002, p. 98)Moreover, Bulgaria focuses on the expansion of the existing intercontinental forms of efficient counteraction and prevention of the propagation of weapons of mass obliteration and of ensuring effective sell abroad control. (Brzezinski Z, 1997, p. 100) Amongst the main prio rities of Bulgarian foreign policy are the fortification of human rights and elementary freedoms and the adherence of the generally established international standards. Bulgaria supports the improvement of the accessible system of intercontinental mechanisms and bodies for human rights monitoring and fortification in order to improve their effectiveness.(Stone W, 2002, p. 89) Bulgaria has been an active partaker in military operations outside its boundaries. Currently, it has corporation sized units running with alliance forces in Afghanistan and Iraq and has maintained little contingents of troops urbanized with international military in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. It deployed a frigate to Lebanon with UNIFIL in late 2006 and has more than a few military observers helping in support of United Nations missions in Ethiopia, Liberia, and Kosovo. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 61) Bulgaria’s association with its neighbors has in general been good.Bulgaria has verified to be a produc tive force in the county and has played a significant role in promoting local security amongst the international community. (Stone W, 2002, p. 89) According to the World Bank, in 2006 Bulgaria engrossed the uppermost levels of foreign direct investment as a share of GDP among the Eastern European countries. However, a growing current account shortfall estimated to have reached 20% of GDP and extreme reliance on foreign assets inflow rendered the financial system vulnerable to exterior shock.Nevertheless, to attract supplementary foreign investment, the Bulgarian administration lowered company tax rates to 10% which was the lowest fee in Europe. A flat duty rate of 10% for individual income would further decrease domestic effort costs and help decrease the share of the gray financial system. As a result, the assembly passed fiscal devolution of municipalities giving way authority over compilation and administration of some levies, therefore further enhancing local monetary stability among the intercontinental community.(Brzezinski A, 1997, p. 99) Bulgaria is making stable efforts to toughen its national security for which the chief military and political assurance stems from the county’s association in NATO. Bulgaria is concerned both in preserving NATO’s principle role associated with the communal defense of its Member States, and in the expansion of the Alliance’s capabilities for adequate comeback to the new intimidation and challenges. (Seymore B, 1993, p. 75) HOW THREE INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES APPLY TO BULGARIAThe closing stage of the Cold War era of bipolarity has raised numerous important questions regarding the function of the United States in the Balkans. The United States and its NATO associates have made diverse commitments regarding the security challenges that have arisen in that area since the early 1990’s. (Blankson A, 2007, p. 93) The United States affirmed its support for political and economic reorganization in Bulg aria and committed its awareness and resources to endorse Sofia’s engagement in Western safety institutions.(Seymore B, 1993, p. 80) The three international strategies include drug trafficking, struggle against crime, corruption and terrorism. Bulgaria recognizes the solemn threat of drug trafficking within and throughout the country. Domestic and international structured crime groups, numerous of which involved in prohibited trade in other possessions and in financial crimes, frequently alter the tendencies and models for use of the region of the country for storage space and shipment of prohibited drugs.The arrangement and methods used by these groups are under steady surveillance by law enforcement agencies with a scrutiny to preventing allotment of drugs and their effect on political, social, economic and culture spheres of our life. (Stone W, 2002, p. 91) Bulgaria is geologically well placed to play a momentous role in enhancing the international anti-drug attempt. Over the current years Bulgaria has a foremost position amongst European countries in terms of heroin seizures and the intercontinental community’s aim is to carry on to contribute considerably to curbing and counteracting illegal drug trafficking.(Blankson A, 2007, p. 98) Having in mind the long-time obligation to international labors against illegal drug trafficking and to the struggle against international violence, the Republic of Bulgaria is resolutely resolved to make stronger its actions for reducing those illegal activities on the region of the country and internationally. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 66) U. S FOREIGN POLICY OBJECTIVES TO BULGARIA In May 2005, the United States and the Republic of Bulgaria signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement which gives the United States armed right of entry to and shared use of numerous Bulgarian military amenities.The United States military intends to use this right of entry to facilitate joint preparation with the Bulgarian and Romanian milit aries. (Blankson A, 2007, p. 102) Moreover, in February 2007, Bulgaria and the Unites States signed an agreement on evasion of double taxation that is anticipated to further endorse U. S. investment in Bulgaria. (Seymore B, 1993, p. 83) The most important U. S. interest in Bulgaria is to uphold the region’s constancy and security so that conflicts do not have an effect on U. S. welfare in Western Europe and the Middle East. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 71) HOW FOREIGN POLICY OF BULGARIA AFFECTS THE UNITED STATESBulgaria foreign policy precedence number one is to make sure full membership of their state in the European Union from 1 January 2007. The labors of all authorities at all administration levels will be mobilized to make certain the completion of the commitments undertaken in the negotiation procedure, and the triumphant ratification by EU Member States of the Accession Treaty, signed on 25 April 2005 and ratified by the Bulgaria National Assembly on 11 May 2005. (Stone W, 2002 , p. 92) Bulgaria pursues a dynamic foreign policy that takes full explanation of the challenges of a globalizing modern globe.The country continues to triumph recognition as a dependable partner in skirmishing terrorism and other threats to intercontinental security. An active strategy aimed at establishing working mechanisms for intercontinental cooperation and harmonization of counterterrorism labors will be implemented to support the U. S. (Brzezinski Z, 1997, p. 98) Moreover, the expansion of the obtainable international forms of effectual counteraction and avoidance of the propagation of weapons of mass obliteration and of ensuring effectual export control also assists United States in dealing with terrorism.Bulgaria upholds its associations of strategic joint venture with the U. S. in the context of transatlantic collaboration and will aspire to further make stronger the monetary relations. (Cronin K, 2004, p. 78) Bulgaria’s companionship with the U. S. has to be put i n the context of how it has affected the balance of power and nationwide interests amongst other local states. A close Washington-Sofia relationship comes at a moment when there is a main change going on in the Russian Federation. Currently oil and gas revenues united with Vladimir Putin’s tough management, have managed to put Russia back in order.Putin is beginning to look to his foreign policy and his armed forces in order to project Russian welfare abroad and reinstate Russia’s customary spheres of influence. (Brzezinski Z, 1997, p. 105) The foreign policy of Bulgaria has led to coalition U. S. -Bulgarian alliance. For instance; throughout the Cold War, Bulgaria was extensively seen as a staunch Moscow satellite under the management of Todor Zhivkov. Fifteen years later following the fall of the Soviet Union, it is on its way to joining the West through N. A. T. O. and European Union membership.(Seymore B, 1993, p. 86) Bulgarian foreign policy is the fortification o f human rights and elementary freedoms and the observation of the generally accepted intercontinental standards in this field. The country supports the view that individual rights are worldwide, interdependent, indivisible and interconnected. In this context, Bulgaria supports as an issue of principle the improvement of the existing scheme of international mechanisms and bodies for individual rights monitoring and fortification in order to improve their efficiency towards United States.(Stone W, 2002, p. 94) Conclusion Bulgarian foreign policy is based on the worldwide approach and indivisibility of safety both in general and within NATO and the EU, and it’s intended at attaining equal amount of security for all associate States. The standard of solidarity on the other hand is articulated in the country’s involvement within its potential in the international assistance for growth as well as all along the lines of promoting democracy. REFERENCE LIST Blankson. A (2007) N egotiating Democracy: Media Transformations in emerging,Sunny Press. ISBN: 0791472337. Brzezinski. Z (1997) Russia and the Common Wealth of Independent States, M. E. Sharpe Publishers. ISBN: 1563246376. Cronin. K (2004) Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy, Georgetown University Press. ISBN: 0878403477. Seymore. B (1993) International Affairs Directory of Organizations, ABC-CLIO Publishers. ISBN: 0874366860. Stone. W (2002) Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund, Princeton University Press. ISBN: 0691095299.

Experimental economics summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Experimental economics summary paper - Essay Example information regarding quality and to ensure quality control is through the use of a third party that certifies and endorses products to comply with certain standards. A total of 21 buying sessions with 20 trading periods per session were conducted having 5 sellers and 6 buyers per period. The sellers could sell two super or two regular grade products per session. They had to pre-commit to quality in secret prior to any selling taking place. The fact that regular costs less to produce is a universal fact and all subjects were aware of it. They did not however know the actual difference. Offers were posted up on a whiteboard and at the end of each period, the grades of goods sold revealed. The reputation-only phase of the experiment kept the identities of sellers and hence their sales records revealed. The cheap-talk signaling phase gave sellers the option of either displaying a grade to buyers, or displaying no grade and just the pricing information and numbers up for sale. The certification part entailed ‘paying’ a fixed amount by the seller to certify their goods. The findings hence are in the categories of reputation, perception cr eated by â€Å"cheap-talk† and third-party certification and endorsement. It was discovered that reputation alone may not be enough to satisfy buyers of the quality they were paying for. The number of goods sold increased when compared to the baseline model where no information regarding quality was available. In the second part of the study, sellers were asked to label their goods with vague environmental quality claims. These also were discovered to be not enough in increasing efficiency or the number of high-quality units. This sort of cheap-talk signaling was found to be effective only when buyers were experienced. In the final part of the study dealing with certification, it was found that verifiable claims where a third party was introduced to monitor quality can help consumers find the information they need before buying.

Campfire usa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Campfire usa - Research Paper Example Soon it commenced its programs such as â€Å"Blue Bird† for younger girls, the name of the program changed to â€Å"Star Fight† in 1989 where it served both the girls and boys. In 1918, the first Campfire council was formed in Kansas City. Time does fly by as in no time it reached its silver jubilee and on account of its 50th anniversary a program named the â€Å"She Cares †¦ Do You?† started. Under this program, more than 2 million trees were planted and 13,000 birdhouses were built. The organization took the acceleration and a number of different projects started such as a program named â€Å"Junior High† in 1962 and Metropolitan Critical Areas (MCA) Project in 1964. The â€Å"Wohelo† awards were also introduced during these years named after Campfire’s watchwords â€Å"work†, â€Å"health† and â€Å"love†. In 1975, young boys were also encouraged to participate. In 1983, a program â€Å"Adventure† started; then in 1988, â€Å"Teens in action† was initiated and following these in 1992, Champions for Children program also began. In 1997, â€Å"Kid Day† was celebrated where adults expressed their love to children through letters. In the year 2000, Campfire celebrated its 90th anniversary being one of the leading youth development agencies across the nation. In the year 1999, the organization looked further and after completing its initial goal made up a new mission. The mission works on to develop caring and confident youth who will be the leaders of tomorrow. It requires its director to have the basic knowledge regarding insurance. Comprehensive general liability, directors liability, umbrella liability are an integrated part of this organization. Furthermore, insurance on automotives, property and accidents or illness is covered. The organization also places emphasis on bonding, special benefits and annual increments. Campfire will be responsible for any kind of risk taken

Implementation of Information System at Oman Company LLC Essay

Implementation of Information System at Oman Company LLC - Essay Example The essay "Implementation of Information System at Oman Company LLC" talks about the implementation of the information system at Oman Refineries and Petrochemicals Company LLC. It is a limited liability Company established vide the Royal Decree dated 23 September 2007 which stipulated the merger of Sohar Refinery Company LLC into Oman Refinery Company LLC. Twenty four years after the commissioning of the first Refinery in Oman, Sohar Refinery was commissioned in 2006 with a capacity of 116,000 bpd. Sohar Refinery was built with state-of-the-art technology to process the feedstock of long residue that is produced at MAF Refinery and blended with crude oil.The Government of Oman, represented by the Ministry of Finance, owns 75% of the Company’s shares, while the Oman Oil Company owns 25%. ORPC will continue to provide quality services and products, and with the two locations, it will take full advantage of the synergies and combined experiences in the business to benefit its cus tomers and all stakeholders.The Oman Oil Company has decided to update the traditional processing of the business operation. Here the business of the Oman Oil Company wants to establish better and effective technology regarding the management of the overall processing of the business information. Oman Oil Company has decided to establish and initiate the project of the Information system at the corporate processing plants. The main objective is to plan and manage the project in a way that the overall project turned out to be a success.

Human Research Precis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Research Precis - Coursework Example Notably, the physician must be certain that the treatment option that they recommend is best while still upholding the patient’s rights. If for instance a randomized clinical test is being conducted to compare treatment option A and B, and the physician openly prefers treatment option A, they must inform the patient about their preference but should not force them into buying into their preference. All physicians have an obligation to obtain their patients informed consent to treatment and can attain this by explaining to the patient the benefits and risks of the preferred alternative and alternative option and allow the patient to choose their preferred choice if that is possible. A reasonable alternative is to undertake treatment alternative A or allow the patient to participate in a randomized clinical test comparing the treatment options. Apparently, when a trial is available, enrollment in a haphazard clinical test is a superior therapeutic alternative. Respect for patient’s values is a central purpose of informed consent and physicians must consider it in delivering treatment. Marquis further notes that some patients might prefer participating in a randomized study that will positively contribute to medical progress and development or discovery of aspects that will improve the health of patients in future rather than simply following the unfounded recommendations of physicians. Noteworthy, a physician can recommend a treatment as well as ask the patient whether they are willing to partake a randomized clinical test just to ensure that their consent freely expressed. What’s more, an opportunity to contribute in randomized clinical trials is ethically permissible and morally obligatory. The dilemma of whether to involve patients in randomized clinical tests can be resolved by taking informed consent earnestly. Offering patients a chance to participate in the randomized

Intoruction to Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intoruction to Islam - Essay Example The predominant language is English (even if it wasn’t always so historically) and the politics of the region are strongly democratic. People in the West won’t specify a religion because that is a personal choice and that choice for the most part is respected in law and in culture. This is where the second challenge comes in. If all Muslims for example lived in one country – like Australia for example, then they might be perceived as a strangely unique culture that lives â€Å"over there†. The problem is that one of the central tenets of Islam is that they should be respectful of other religious beliefs. This has meant that over the centuries there are Muslims in virtually every corner of the world – historically they are traders; they seek to educate and to learn from others, and now as Ernst explains they are the predominant population in more than 50 nations. That means a huge diversity of cultures and this makes it harder for us here in the West to understand the Muslims as a religion when they live â€Å"over there† and â€Å"next

Health organization case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health organization case study - Essay Example Currently, Banner health organization has come up with a strategic plan aimed at addressing issues of network growth, resource management, nurse staffing, and patient satisfaction (â€Å"Global Markets Direct,† 2008). Following the appearance of global environmental problems due to climate change, increased natural catastrophe and globalization, various diseases have emerged resulting to increased motility rate (Bui, 2010). This contributed to establishment of a health care organization called Banner Health system in United State, with the aim of addressing the health care needs of citizens even in decades to come. The organization provided hospital care, long-term care, emergency care, outpatient surgery centers, hospice, rehab services, labs, and pharmacies. Today, health issues for many American citizens have become more complex hence calling in for new and complex tactics as well. Banner health organization has therefore come up with a strategic plan, known as Medicare Advantage plan, which is meant for addressing the complexity of health care issues. Medicare Advantage plan has proposed establishment of several health clinic centers in the country in attempt to minimize health care problems and address patient satisfaction issue as well. Establishment of four Health-care clinics centers in East valley, have been proposed. Each of the clinic centers is expected to serve a whole family after suggesting that there will be plenty of laboratories and onsite imaging services as well as primary care doctors. According to the plan, families will be given extra options where these centers will offer extended evening and morning hour services, including Saturday mornings. The four clinic centers are expected to cost the organization approximately 45.2 million and be operational for both spring and summer of 2013. Taking into consideration of the economic perspective, the four centers will offer the most cost-effective care. These

Foundations of Reading Assessment and Intervention Research Paper Term

Foundations of Reading Assessment and Intervention Research - Term Paper Example The key purpose of informal assessments is to match the reader to text. This purpose characterizes the second criterion of the 2010 edition of the International Reading Association Standards for Reading Professional (Gambrell, Morrow, & Pressley, 2007). A broad array of literary works ranging from conventional print, computerized, to online sources define this criterion. Informal assessments seek to make students have the essential reading, writing, and intellectual skills for complicated books. Secondly, informal assessments present an opportunity for teachers to offer responses to their class individually (Reutzel & Cooter, 2011). This opportunity comes about by acquiring information on students’ learning progress. A third purpose of informal assessment is to drive guidelines by removing guesswork and enabling teachers to target precise shortages instead of teaching a whole lesson or unit once again. The perception of print. Teachers sit with students individually, request them to read a print text, and later answer questions about it (DeVries, 2011). The posed questions should follow formats recommended by the informal assessment model or reading criteria. The purpose of formal assessments is to determine the volume of knowledge students have grasped from previous lessons (DeVries, 2011). Formal assessments can present a method of comparing one student to the rest of the class. Teachers can expand this method to comparing their student individually outside the class. The difference between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced assessments is that norm-referenced assessments aim to weigh the amount of knowledge retained by a test subject while criterion-referenced assessments determines the knowledge a test subject knew prior to and after completing a task (Reutzel & Cooter, 2011). One should interpret data reports by comparing the data acquired with the question design and not try to change the data to fit the question

Nursing as a Profession and its Impact on Society Essay

Nursing as a Profession and its Impact on Society - Essay Example The nursing profession has been assisted by the different domains and realms of the society because they have understood how nursing could provide a point of salvage and hope for the helpless and needy, suffering on a number of counts. The handicap factor is therefore assisted a great deal by these nurses who have made giant efforts to come out in the open and manifest their ethical selves time and again. Since nursing requires vigilance and competence, not everyone can qualify as a professional nurse in the first place. However the role of nursing within the society remains an important discussion all the same. Indeed there is no better way to serve humanity than to assume the role of a nurse. The society is benefited in more ways than one and this is documented in a number of different ways. This profession has given so much freedom to the nurses that now they can call it their respective careers. The Certified Nursing Assistant course at different hospitals has provided the studen ts of nursing with the skills that are very necessary to search for employment in the long term care facilities. Particular importance is laid on the fundamental principles related with nursing as well as development and the application of nursing skills in long term care facilities. ... take up nursing as a career since it is one of the most difficult jobs all over the world and the virtues that come along with are something to be written home about. Indeed nursing is a career that leaves quite a lot to speak about because this is something which goes a long way at developing relationships of people with one another and amongst the nurses as well. From the domains of the society, the profession of nursing is a very distinctive one. This is because nurses are being consistently monitored for their actions and what they bring to the healthcare regimes. They are also being told to remain attentive to their clients’ needs and requirements, and document hard work in entirety. The nursing premise is all the more important because it manifests hard work and commitment with the clients and showcases strength of character and maturity all this while. The nursing avenues receive a great deal of applause by the people for a host of reasons. This is because they do certa in things which no one else would be able to manifest at any given time. The role of the nursing profession has evolved over a period of time but its respect and dignity has not faded away one bit. This is the reason why many people would still like the nurses to attend to them when they are sick and to their family when they are unwell. This is an important aspect that has made the rounds of nearly all the societies in the world, in the past as well as even today (Johnstone, 1999). The role of the nurses within the society is being consistently monitored for a number of reasons, and mostly because they have to give their best time and again. There is absolutely no iota of weakness or failure that comes attached with their profession, and hence should be treated as such. The societal

Edna’s First and Second Awakenings Essay Example for Free

Edna’s First and Second Awakenings Essay When Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening† was published in 1899 the Industrial Revolution and the feminist movement were already beginning to emerge. However, they were still overshadowed by the prevailing attitudes of the nineteenth century (SparkNotes Editors). In the conservative state of Louisiana, from where the author had met her husband, for example, the feminist movement was almost absent that there still exist a law that considers a woman as the property of her husband. â€Å"The Awakening† in general is a novel about how the female protagonist was able to find and discover her own identity as a woman, gained independence, and learn the value of equality and freedom. However, it is also a novel about the social constraints of women during this Victorian era, about how Edna discovered in the end that she was still alone in the process of her ‘awakening,’ thus undergoing a ‘second awakening’. Chopin offered a different treatment of the traditional woman of society who is often portrayed to be under the mercy of their male counterparts, weak, and definitely restricted. Here, Edna, the female protagonist, is in the process of rediscovering herself, her world, and slowly learning what freedom and equality means. The story revolves around her as she slowly undergoes this process in such a way that the novel could actually fall under the genre of Bildungsroman—a sort of a coming-of-age story—wherein Edna, through her acquaintance with Adelle, has evolved from a restricted wife to a woman free from any form of male domination. This kind of approach had given a tone that offers a ‘sympathetic view toward the actions and emotions of the sexually aware and independent female protagonist. ’ One of the more important motifs in the novel is Edna’s swimming. The first time she had swum in the novel demonstrate the first moment of her awakening. It gave her the feeling of being strong. By and by, through her acquaintances in the Grand isle, particularly Adelle, she learned that she could be actually open about what she feels, that she could say it directly without being afraid. She also continued painting to relinquish her youth soon afterwards—another form of self-expression. And with Robert and Alcee, she had demonstrated freedom in her love, passion and sexuality. All these events that happened in her life contributed to her first ‘awakening,’ the awakening that pertains to her self-rediscovery and a gaining independence. It is at this moment that â€Å"She began to look with her own eyes; to see and to apprehend the deeper undercurrents of life. No longer was she content to â€Å"feed upon opinion† when her own soul had invited her (Chapter 32). † Her second awakening happened after Robert had turned his back on her for the sole reason of not being able to rise over the expectations of their society. She had, for some reasons realized that despite all of her discoveries, the freedom that she had received, she was still alone. She felt the burden or the suffering that corresponds to all her learning and individuality for her society could still not accept the kind of woman she had become. Perhaps her action when she had swum again in the later chapter of the novel, when she committed suicide, is a symbolism of this second awakening. The solitude she had felt drove her there because she might have realized her true position in her society and therefore believes that only by ending her life could she free herself from every expectation there is. She was awakened. Again. And thus she says, â€Å"The years that are gone seem like dreams—if one might go on sleeping and dreaming—but to wake up and find—oh! well! Perhaps it is better to wake up after all, even to suffer, rather than to remain a dupe to illusions all one’s life (Chapter 38). † Basically, for me, the novel is not simply about a single awakening. It is a two-sided representation of the status/role of women during the Victorian era. It definitely showed how constrained these women are through the biases and prejudices thrown against Edna. But it has also showed how these women, through Edna, are struggling to free themselves from these constraints, how they are willing to suffer than to remain disillusioned, but still overshadowed by the prevailing attitudes of the majority. It might as well be also pertaining not only to Edna’s awakening but the awakening of all the women of that particular era. These women are all awakened, willing to fight for their independence, for equality. Unfortunately, the prevailing ideas of the people around them would only awaken them for the second time, so that they would realize that their position in their society at that time could be sometimes suffocating that they would rather drown themselves than submit to male domination. REFERENCE SparkNotes Editors. â€Å"SparkNote on The Awakening. † SparkNotes. com. SparkNotes LLC. 2002. Web. 19 Jul. 2010. For the quoted passages:

Elie Saab Marketing Analysis

Elie Saab Marketing Analysis Expanding a luxury brand without diluting its luxury status has become a challenge to many luxury brands. Premium luxury brands therefore need to plan their expansion strategy carefully. This report will focus on how the Elie Saab brand may develop by offering the brand extension of lingerie to be sold alongside its ready-to-wear collection. The price range of lingerie is normally lower compared to other ready-to-wear products, therefore this product extension has the potential to enlarge the accessibility of the ES brand and grow the current consumer segmentation. The new product line should inherit the brands essence. The launching and promoting of the new line will be an appropriate way for the brand to get more exposure and will reinforce its brand identity. The report will cover the product extension and communication issue respectively, while critically evaluate the plan as a whole. Started as a couture house in Beirut, ELIE SAAB (ES) has an ambition of turning into a global luxury brand. ES exclusively target on the worldwide super-wealthy class, while successfully maintains a loyal customer base from the Middle East. In addition, the brand is favoured by royalty, for its luxurious, feminine but slightly conservative style. ES dresses are widely present in different prestigious events, worn by celebrities from different regions. The product lines of ES currently include Haute Couture, Ready-to-Wear (RTW), Wedding Dresses, and Accessories. The expanding of the brand, however, continued through many forms including luxury hotel and super yachts (SHUAYTO, 2012). Nevertheless, there are still many problems exist, and if not handled carefully, they may remit the pace of ESs growth. it was pointed out that Elie Saab, owner of ELIE SAAB, wanted to be involved in not only every aspects of his Haute Couture line, but also all the branding decision making process. (SHUAY TO, 2012) Saabs tight control of the brand may consume most of his energy, which makes the brand expansion on product line rather difficult. Besides, with only 150 employees, (SHUAYTO, 2012) the ES Group is relatively small compared to other luxury brands from large luxury groups such as LVMH (100,00employees) (ARNAULT, N/D). Thus the amount of support ES could receive for expansion is very limited. Furthermore, recognition is a key element in conspicuous consumption, for it endows the owner of luxury product with admiration. (KAPFERER, 2012)ES have covered several communication channels in brand image building, but the exposure is still not enough. ELIE SAABs facebook page has received 800,987 likes (Facebook, 2013b), while Dior has 11,480,356 likes (Facebook, 2013a). It is the same on the ELIE SAAB YouTube channel (2013a), which only have 4,580 subscribers (Dior: 47,871) (YouTube LLC, 2013c), and on its twitter page (2013b) with 128,682 followers (Dior: 1,794,503) (Twitter,Inc., 2 013a). It would seem that ES havent caught much attention of the public. For such a vibrant premium brand, expending without diluting its luxury status requires a very well planed strategy. Regarding the situation mentioned above, the report will illustrate how ELIE SAAB could develop by introducing the brand extension of lingerie to be sold alongside its Ready-to-Wear line. The lingerie sector has enjoyed a continuous growth of 16.1% in the UK market during the previous five years. It was considered to be a treat for a woman in an affordable price during the recession. (Hucker, 2013) It is reported that in Western Europe and the US, the average number of lingerie purchased by a woman annually is two bras and around five briefs. As a function-oriented product, Lingerie is considered to be a necessity, and the need always exists. Nevertheless, despite the booming UK lingerie market, the global lingerie market suffered from the recession. Moreover, the market is overcrowded with many discount retailers sourcing from Asian countries, which is pulling down the pricing point. (Hughes, 2011) The price of bras range from under six pounds to over 250 pounds, but only a few brands produce premium lingerie (Independent Print Ltd., 2012). In the niche market of premium lingerie (NI Syndication Limited., 2007), the reputation of ES could be an advantage, let along i ts loyal high-end client base. Meanwhile, as the price range of lingerie is lower compared to High-end RTW (SHUAYTO, 2012), the new line would potentially enlarge the accessibility of the ES brand. Overall, entering the lingerie market could be a challenging opportunity for ELIE SAAB. The essential goal of this plan is to expand product range, increase brand exposure, and assist ELIE SAABs transformation into a global premium brand. Product extension Lingerie design, especially brassiere design, requires very specific skills and knowledge. The time required in the designing process is also particularly long. As lingerie is of great importance in shaping a perfect body, customers require optimum fit, high function, as well as attractiveness. From cups to shoulder strap, all of them are important in providing a centralized and firm appearance, while designing them equally costs great energy. (Liao Lee, 2010) Since ELIE SAAB is still a growing company with not much employees, and is a brand highly dependent on Elie Saab, the suggestion would be to achieve the expansion through licensing. But it should be handled very carefully, for licensing could possibility dilute the brand. (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012) Some even argue that the key of maintaining the luxe of a brand is never get involved in licensing. (KAPFERER, 2012) While other suggest that though risking dilution, licensing still proves to be a fair choice for brands to acc ess expertise in the area where their knowledge and power is limited. (Colucci, et al., 2008) First and foremost, the lingerie line must inherit the sprite of ELIE SAAB. It should be designed and inspired base on the ES haute couture collection or RTW collection, and be cohesive with the collections of the core brand in style and aesthetics in that season. Consumers expect the luxury brand to offer them a product that possess the quality, design and value that the parent brand represents. (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012) Especially for a brand like ELIE SAAB, which highly relies on loyal customers, (SHUAYTO, 2012) fulfilling the consumers expectation and keeping the brand image clear is exceptionally important. ELIE SAAB is known for its luxurious, dreamy, and feminine style.(Fig 1) Lace, chiffon, silk, crystal, hand-made beading and embroidery (NI Syndication Limited., 2007), those materials used in ES haute couture collections can also be seen in lingerie design, which could be counted as an advantage in reaching the coherence of core brand and lingerie line. The service provided for the lingerie line is equally important, for providing ultimate customer experience is another promise of the ES brand. To minimize the dilution of core brand, the ES lingerie line should be positioned as premium lingerie (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012). The most important part of buying lingerie is fit (Law, et al., 2012). It is important for the consumers to feel comfortable in their lingerie (Liao Lee, 2010). However, most women do not know how to find a right size, and the sizes that many retailers provide are not accurate. Fitting has become a major problem for the lingerie industry (Hucker, 2013). Thus in every ES lingerie stores, there need to be at least one professional fitter to help, and provide the customers a one-to-one fitting service. Also, in the lingerie sector on the ES official website, a specific multi-media lingerie fitting guidance, using the form of video, picture and word description (Fig 2), should be provided. The cost of producing a fitting video and putting the information on the ES website could be quite low, but this effort may affect customers confidence of purchasing ES lingerie positively. bra fitting.jpg To improve customer experience, ES may consider providing customized lingerie. Co-design, which involves customers in the designing process of their own order, may be welcomed by those who eager for a differentiated, unique product. In the co-design process, customers are provided several pre designed options of each part of the product, and they can create a unique product by combining their choices. Burberry has put a co-design section on their website, where customers can design their own trench coat, and then order creation. (Fig 3) The co-designed trench coat will be produced separately. (Burberry Group Plc, N/D) Co-design offers a memorable experience to customers, which may interest the loyal customers, and possibly attract new customers. (Liao Lee, 2010) Nevertheless, the cost of producing co-design lingerie may be quite high. The Burberry co-design products are priced about one to two hundred pounds higher than their similar RTW products in the same length and material. The ratio of mark up is merely 0.18% approximately, due to the high price of the RTW product range. If ES decide to adopt co-design in the lingerie line, the ratio of mark up needs to be carefully calculated, in order to make enough profit, but still remain acceptable for the customers. Marketing communication The lunching of a new product line will probably draw much attention. Seizing the chance, ELIE SAAB may increase its exposure by doing a series of campaign, aiming at building the image of a global premium brand. Without enough brand awareness, it is very hard for luxury brands to create desire and attraction (KAPFERER, 2012). Hence, most luxury brands tend to build a whole brand image, rather than the image of a single product category. In addition, by showing the image of their target consumers lifestyle, brands could form an image of a brand users in the consumers mind. Potential customers may be attracted by the perception of a brands personality, moreover, may produce a stronger purchasing intention when they find similarities between their self-image and the image of a typical brand user (Fang, et al., 2012). Marketing the ES lingerie line by promoting the whole brand, emphasising the luxe of the core brand, may also protect the brand from dilution. Communicating the heritage inspiration and cultural reference may help a relatively new brand elevating its position in consumers mind. As a hedonic product, luxury products need to not only have a physical function, but also embraces a spiritual function. They should help consumers fulfilling their highest need, which is self-realization (KAPFERER, 2012). To create a scarcity effect, making the brand more desirable, ELIE SAAB may develop a marketing strategy based on culture and art. Producing a short film featuring the inspiration of the unique ELIE SAAB style may help consumers generating a better understanding of the brands cultural background, deepening the meaning behind each ELIE SAAB product. The film should also include the craftsmanship of ES haute couture collection. By showing the intriguing details of haute couture, from the inspiration, drafting to the hand-making process, the film need to plant the concept of haute couture being an art into the viewers mind. Consequent ly, as the brand producing art, ELIE SAAB will be viewed differently. Linked to art, ES products would be seen as artistic creations, rather than commercial goods (KAPFERER, 2012). It embodies the extraordinary taste of its customers, while remains to be a desirous dream of the non-owners. Another way of marketing ELIE SAAB as an artistic brand is to hold and exhibition showing the history and creations of the brand. The company could partner with an art museum, and show their archived pieces from previous fashion shows. Also, the creating process may be an interesting to show on the exhibition. It would be better if the showroom could be designed as a vision of the earliest inspiration of Elie Saab, telling his story of creating art, rather than a copy of an ES flagship store. This is to avoid being viewed as a commercial activity. However, the cost of holding an exhibition might be quite high, and the influence of an exhibition is geographically limited. With the booming of social media, today, marketing is more about communicating and interacting with consumers. Adopting the trend, brands start to pay more attention on digital channels (KAPFERER, 2012). ELIE SAAB is not an exception. The brand has adopted many digital communication platforms including facebook, twitter, YouTube, even weibo.com. Nevertheless, it is noticed that the communication result ES achieved in those platforms is not very impressive. Comparing to its competitors, the number of people getting involved in ESs digital communication channels is quite small. Besides, they do not seem to be very impressed by the information they have received from the ES channels. ELIE SAAB Le Parfum Ad Campaign video has only received 73 likes. (YouTube LLC, 2011) In contrast, the Miss Dior advert, La vie en rose, received 991 likes. (YouTube LLC, 2013b) As for the short films featuring brand identity, the ES Balade a Paris film has received 209 likes, (YouTube LLC, 2012a) while the Dior Secret Garden-Versailles film has received 6,029 likes (YouTube LLC, 2012b). All the films mentioned above are beautifully made and clearly reveal their brand image. Yet the Miss Dior film appeared eight times on the Dior facebook page (Facebook, 2013a), while the ES Balad a Paris film only appeared in four posts on the ES facebook page (Facebook, 2013b). It can therefore be then presumed that the link between different digital platforms the brand use has some influence on the communication result the brand may receive. ELIE SAAB may want to strengthen the connection between its different communication channels, in order to increase communication efficiency. Critical evalution For a premium brand, expanding through licensing is a huge risk. Being one of the two largest apparel categories of Calvin Klein (Schimroszik, 2012), underwear, which was licensed to the Warnaco group, was a huge success in the 1980s (Robertson, 2012). By 1999, licensing contributed 90% of Calvin Kleins revenue. Yet soon enough, the Calvin Klein brand found that it had little control of its licensees, under an incredible long contract. The luxury status of Calvin Klein was almost destroyed. It took Calvin Klein eight years to get back into business, and slowly started repairing the damage brought by licensing (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012). Notwithstanding the risk, licensing still is a popular expanding method among luxury brands (Colucci, et al., 2008). In fact, if handled carefully, the damage can be minimized (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012). As ELIE SAAB does not have the expertise in lingerie production, licensing is a reasonable choice. But the brand should have tight control over the licensee. The major problem of licensing is the licensees tend to pursuit the fastest success and biggest profit, regardless the impact it may have on the brand. The licenser wants to maintain the consistency of the entire collection, while the licensees may prefer to stick with the most popular designs in the market (Colucci, et al., 2008). And it is the responsibility of the core brand to protect its reputation, including product quality, design aesthetics, customer service, and luxury status. But the licensee might be producing for different brands simultaneously, thus the design of the different products they produce might be similar, or they might borrow the design of ELIE SAAB, and use it in other products that they are producing. Even there is a possibility that the licensee may secretly produces counterfeit version of the ES linge rie using cheaper materials, and sells them in other channels or under other brand names. All of the mentioned problems may result in brand dilution. As a result, ES may need to spend much effort in monitoring the licensee. Despite the drawbacks, with a right partner, ES could achieve the expansion with a relatively low cost. If the plan was executed successfully, the brand could increase brand awareness, and might reinforce the loyalty of its existing customers by impressing them with a new and exciting product line. For some women, lingerie is as important as outer clothing. So the ES customers might be interested in matching the lingerie and the outer wear. Another issue to be concern is the cultural impact of lingerie line. Intimate apparel may have different symbolic meanings in different culture. When marketing globally, it should be noticed that women from different culture may have different need in lingerie. Many ES customers are from the Middle East, where, in the outsiders view, might be quite conservative. On the contrary, it was discovered that sex is quite important for married Muslims. (Asser, 2008). As a result, they may be very interested in lingerie of various bold designs. In the forthcoming years, there is expected to be a recovery of the economy. It could affect the whole luxury market, and could be an opportunity for premium lingerie. Yet the competition among lingerie specialist brands would also be fierce. Many lingerie brands are aiming to the global market, including Victorias Secret, Agent Provocateur, et cetera. With so much choice, consumers might doubt the expertise of the ES lingerie line, because lingerie is generally function-based product. Besides, the link between the lingerie line and the brand emphasising advertise champagne might be weak and confusing. The new lingerie line might be ignored due to this reason. Conclusion and recogminadions Product expansion means a new adventure for a brand. As a young luxury brand that is eager to develop, product expansion will always at some point be adopted. The previous partnership experience of ELIE SAAB indicates that Saab could be not only a brilliant designer, but also a successful businessman. Hence, the risk of expending a new lingerie line through licensing could turn out to be another success of the brand. But ELIE SAAB should choose the partner very carefully. Both the reputation and the producing capability should be taken into consideration. A partner with well established reputation in the industry is the reassurance of quality for the customers (Hoffmann Stankeviciute, 2012). Moreover, ELIE SAAB should have strict control over the licensing project, making sure the products and service remains in the same level as the core ES products. The places where the lingerie line products are sold should also be chosen using ES criterions. The price-point of the lingerie line should remain high, in order to match the premium status of the ES brand. The marketing of the lingerie line is suggested to be focused on building the whole brand image, rather than the single lingerie line. Nevertheless, advertisements featuring the lingerie line product are also needed. ELIE SAAB may consider spending most of its budget on overall brand image campaigns, and only using a small part of the budget to do the lingerie line advert. Overall, the whole plan is designed to assist the developing of the ELIE SAAB brand as a whole, and the main focus should be always on its core products. Otherwise, without the success of the core brand, the lingerie line will soon be forgotten as well.

In The Sri Lankan Freight Forwarding Industry Marketing Essay

In The Sri Lankan Freight Forwarding Industry Marketing Essay After the three decades of the war ended the political situation in the country is stable and the current government enjoys 2/3 of majority of the parliament and president remains the most popular person of the country. But the political turmoil surrounding the Middle East and Iran affecting the local export market since most of the tea products were export to the Middle East market. Also the economic sanctions impose by United States and European Union on Iran affecting the local export market. 2.2 Economical Environment The fluctuating exchange rates are affecting the local produces since most of them imports the raw material from china and India and produce their main products .also the world economic downturn affecting the local economy. On the plus side opening of the new port and expansion of the Colombo port will bring more vessels to the Colombo port. This will definitely increase container volumes to the country. 2.3 Legal Environment The government has introduced a system to regulate the shipping and freight forwarding industry in the country. All shipping and freight forwarding agents must register with Merchant Shipping department. Where they will categorise to two separate groups and issue licences. This is renewable yearly. 2.4 Technological Environment The Sri Lanka customs department has introduced the new EDI (electronic data interchange) system to update shipping manifest through the entering in to customs department website , which will benefit the industry where cost and time of the forwarders will be saved .previously the manifest were submitted by manually and separate person should allocate to do the job. Also this will help the accuracy and duplication of work. 3 ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY THOUGH PORTERS FIVE FORCES The Threat of entry In the Sri Lankan freight forwarding industry the threats of new entry is rather high because there are no legal requirements other than registration as a company with register of companies. Any one or any party can enter in to the industry with only requirements are recognition in the industry, business contact and Agent network with minimum capital can enter in to the industry . When new entry enters in to the market it is a burden for the existing freight forwarders in the market. Since the industry is already overcrowded with so many players with in the industry completing for slow growing export market and everyone have e to share the existing customer base with new entries to the industry. The entry barriers to the market can be arisen due to new entry to the industry unable to get economies of scale at once since they do not have the volume advantage at the start of the business. Another barrier is the new regulation by the government which comes under the Merchant Shipping Department. The forwarders must have the licence to carry out the business with in the local Market. The Treats Of Substitutes The substitutes service can be provided by the carriers and air lines by way of value additions or part of the supply chain to the customers. Ware these carriers can provide additional services like warehousing, transportation, inventory control etc. The Maersk the world leading carrier has started their own arm to provide the additional value added services to the customers by in the name of DAMCO international .this will surely make the adverse effect on the current forwarding market in the country. The Bargaining Power Of The Buyers In the Sri Lankan freight forwarding market the bargaining power of the buyers are very high. when comes to the export market in year 2011 countrys export containers were around 260047 and for a month it is around 21680 .other than forwarders the main carriers are also competing to get the business direct from the customers. The freight forwarder has to convince the buyers and must offer more value for the money. When relating to the concerned company the 10 major customers bring about 26.38% of the total income of the company so there buyer power high and the profit margins from these customers are thin. The Bargaining Power Of Suppliers The suppliers for the freight forwarders either shipping lines, airlines, ware house provider or Logistics Companys provide services to the freight forwarders.in Sri Lanka the shipping lines and air lines are dominating the market .if other than the freight forwarder has large volumes they can bargain with the shipping lines and air lines other than that the bargain power of the suppliers are very high. When come to the concerned company same theory is applied to some destinations not for the all destinations. Competitive Rivalry Among Exciting Firms As per the merchant shipping department there are 296 freight forwarding companies in the local freight forwarding market. But there is other freight forwarders operating in the market without licences also. There is high competition among the forwarders since the export market is only expand around 6% in year 2011and import market did expand by 17% when compared to 2010 as mentioned by the Sri Lanka Freight Forwarders Association (SLFFA).in the industry there are lot of equal size competitors in the market and this will result intense competition with in the market .and there are few major size competitors competing in different sectors of the market .most of these competitors complete in the appeal and tea sector since those are the most exported commodities in the country. When analysing the five force frame work in the freight forwarding industry in Sri Lanka there is little information about the individual performance of the rival organisation. And there is no ranking system to identify who the best company is providing the forwarding services in the industry. Even though there is association in the industry it has only 84 members and where government has issued over 296 licences to practice as freight forwarders. And there is lack of understanding among competitors with in the industry about the growth and there is no growth forecast with in the industry. When analysing the above finding there are lot of competition in the market for sea freight export since the sea freight export growth rate is about 6% but the sea freight import growth rate is high about 17% .most of the freight forwarders concern about the full container cargo (FCL Containers) in market and less about the loose cargo load (LCL) and multi country consolidation (MCC). 4. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS To achieve the competitive advantage organisation must deliver the value to the customers below are the value chain analysis for the CWT Globelink Colombo 4.1 Primary Activities 4.1.1 Inbound Logistics When comes to the export of goods organisation provide transport from shippers place of production to the organisations ware house. Fumigation, obtaining relevant certificates for the export purposes is other parts of the job. In the import sea freight communication with relevant shippers in the various destinations, picking up the relevant good, storing in the ware houses in the relevant destinations till it ships to the Colombo or various other ports. 4.1.2 Operations In sea fright exports the operation is stuffing the relevant cargo inside the container according to the stuffing plan.in this case the Cargo must be stuffed to the container without any damages and relevant cargo must be send to the relevant containers accordingly. And should send to the relevant ships accordingly.in import sea cargo must be DE stuffed accordingly. 4.1.3 Outbound Logistics When is come to the import shipments after receiving the goods to the Colombo port the organisation must issue the relevant documents to the relevant consignees to clear the goods from the relevant ware houses operated by the Sri Lanka ports authority. Also must help the consignees to track down the cargo from the ware houses. 4.1.4 Marketing and Sales Promoting sea freight business with relevant rate to the direct and cooperate customers, overseas agents and shippers with value added services are the part of the sales and marketing 4.1.5 Services Tracking the customers cargo till its deliver to relevant parties, issuing Delivery orders, Bill of ladings, surveying for the damage cargo and issuing relevant letters to obtain the insurance claims and sending arrival notices some of the additional services provided by the company. 4.2 support activities 4.2.1 Technology Development The firm provide tracking system to all their customers to track their cargo through new innovative system .using this system customers can see where their cargo are currently lying on or which vessel the shipments are on and time this shipments will be delivered to the destinations. 4.2.2 Firm Infrastructure and Human Resources Management The firm has a good reputation among the customers. The organisation poses a good customer centric culture. The MIS support the innovation and responsiveness to the customer needs. 5. THE SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE THROUGH ONION MODEL THE GOOD ONION MODEL 5.1.2 The Agent Network The organisation poses a worldwide agent network .the organisations has 40 associate offices in 13 countries and cargo ships to over 120 countries reaching more than 1200 destinations worldwide which unmatched by the local competitors . 5.1.2 Superior Rate Structure The organisation offers the most competitive rate in the LCL cargo sector in the market and most of the other freight forwarders in the market co-load their shipments with company since they do not have the capabilities match the rate offered by the firm. 5.1.3 Leading Multi Country Consolidator The organisation is the innovator of the large scale of operations of the multi country consolidation among the competitors. Firm is the leading MCC to Indian sub-continent. 5.1.4 Innovative Cargo Tracking System The customers can track their cargo through the system only the have to do is enter the bill of leading numbers to the system and will able to get the full details about their cargo 5.1.5 Customer Centric Culture The organisation is fully focused on customers needs and requirements. Organisation have separate department focusing the customer care and even has customer complaint line which is first for the Sri Lankan freight forwarding industry. 5.1.6 Cost Leadership in LCL market The organisation provide special services for the like packing transport fumigation entry passing as a whole package which includes the freight charges. The organisation always provides the more service for the money charge for the customer. THE BAD ONION MODEL 5.2.1 Parochial Top Management Mind Set Even though the organisation very centric towards the customers and customer need they are not much focused on the developing business to the next level or stepping up for the next level. They poses very narrow set of business vision for the company and does not want step outside the comfort zone their currently in and change the current business dynamics. 5.2.2 Employee Engagement The organisation lacks the motivation to achieve its goals .where employer wants employees to do their best work and drive the organisation towards its goals.to do that employer must engage with the employees and find the ways to get more from the employees other than the primary work set they have been assigned to do . 7. THE SWOT ANALYSIS 7.1 Strengths of the Organisation 7.1.1 Agent Network As mentioned earlier organisation has good agency network around the world. Using this network firm can import and export any cargo according to the customer requirements. 7.1.2 Rate Structure Since the firm operates most parts of the world with various agents organisation can offer the cheapest LCL rate in the market. Most of the agents the firm work are the market leaders in those destinations and the have the lowest tariff with in that particular destination .with the collaboration with them organisation can offer the best rate in the market. 7.1.3 Transhipment Cargo Volume The Colombo port is a strategic transhipment point in the world.so most of the cargo to Europe from Indian sub-continent tranships through the Colombo port and most of the European Cargo to Indian sub-continent tranship through Colombo port. most of the agents send their transhipment cargo to consolidate in Colombo send to the various destinations previously mentioned. 7.2 weaknesses Of the Organisation 7.2.1 Working Capital Inadequacy The firm always works with the thin profit margins with credit to the customers sometimes with low volumes will create a loss situation where it will affect the working capital requirements of the company. The other scenarios is there more imports to firm than exports and the firm has to pay to the agents and should provide credit to the customers this will also create working capital inadequacy. 7.2.2 Human Resource Management The firm not very keen in developing good human resources management process .this will lead to the less employee engagement and will hinder the achievement of organisations goals through performance. 7.3 External Opportunities 7.3.1 Development of Colombo and Hambantota Port The development of Colombo port efficiency and increase of the handling of the containers will affect the industry also opening of the new port in Hambantota will increase the vessel calling specially the car carriers are promoted in the new port. Expansion of the Colombo port to will attract more vessel to the port and will benefit the local industry by more volumes and less cost 7.3.2 Stable political Environment The ending three decades of the war and stable political environment will attract more investors to the country. The more investment comes and starts new business will create more imports and exports from the country. 7.4 External Threats 7.4.1 Weak Economic Development of United States and European Union The European Union and United States economic crisis were affected to the local garment and tea and other sectors badly and this crisis has been effected to the freight forwarding industry also the export market were grown only by 6% in last year. 7.4.2 Turmoil in Middle East and Sanctions to Iran One of the best export market for the country is middle East and Iran .the current turmoil in Syria, Egypt ,Libya has halted the export to those countries also the sanction by the US and EU to Iran also effected the industry . VISION To Be A World-Class Corporation With Global Logistics Capabilities MISSION To Excel As A Leading Logistics Solutions Provider Delivering Best Value To Customers (http://cwt.listedcompany.com/misc/ar2011/ar2011.pdf) 8. THE VISSION, MISSIONS, CORE VALUES OF THE COMPMANY The Colombo office uses the same vision statement as head office in Singapore. This is for a border group with different SBUs and freight forwarding is a one SBU among other business units. Colombo office should have a different vision for its objectives. Modified vision statement for the firm would be TO BE A ONE OF LEADING FREIGHT FORWERDING COMPANY IN SRI LANKA WITH GLOBAL FREIGHT FORWERDING CAPABILITIES. The mission statement by the head office will be the mission to the company since to become the leading freight forwarding company in Sri Lanka the firm must move to the other sectors of the logistics to provide best value to the customer. 8.1 Core Values 8.1.1 Service Reliability Provide the best service to customers and to improve the service levels and consistently upgrade the service levels 8.1.2 Competitiveness To provide competitive freight rates in the market and pass any reductions possible to valued customers so they can keep their cost down to the minimum levels. 8.1.3 Customer Focus To understand the customers requirements and utilise the knowledge of the organisation to deliver quality, committed service to the customer 8.1.4 Teamwork As an reputed organisation it is value the strength of an individuals and combined together to deliver the objective of the firm 8.1.5 Quality The firm to ensure customers receive a standard of service which provides quality and assurance that can be deliver time and time again. 9. GROWTH TARGETS As per the attached Annexure Below the firms average import turnover increase about 28% and export turnover were increase by 41% .but the firms import volume was only increased by 9% and export volume was down by 34% .the export volume decrease is mainly due to the low volume exported during year 2010 recession period .even though year 2011 and 2012 shows an increase of 42% and 22% respectively. These are the growth targets set for the next 3 years 2013 2014 2015 Export tus 3300 3630 3993 Import tus 4,696 5,165 5,682 2013 2014 2015 Export turnover 477,276,792.67 525,004,471.93 577,504,919.13 Import turnover 41,796,722.88 46,394,362.40 51,497,742.26 Export profit 37,495,029.33 41,244,532.27 43,306,758.88 Import profit 30,887,954.40 30,887,954.40 30,887,954.40 After analysing the market trends for the year 2008/2009/2010/2011/2012the growth target was set. The average turnover and profit were nearly about 11% for the export and imports therefore the target was set as 10% increase for income and profit for two sectors. For the volume the fluctuations are very high and it was very difficult to set an accurate target therefore the 10% was taken to the volume target also STRATEGY OPTION TO ACHIVE THE GROWTH 1. The Ansoff Approach 1.1 Market Penetration Increasing the sales volume through new marketing recruitments, encouraging the customers to purchase more services, attracting the customers with price and differentiation and gaining the market through expense of the competitors will help the organisation to penetrate more in to the market 1.2 Market Development Firm can enter in to the new market segments like supply chain management to the garment industry and telecommunication industry. Also can enter in to the market such as Maldives and Afgenistan where there are less competition and high profit margins. 1.3 Product Development Firm can combine their import and export business together and provide services such as imports goods from one country and export the same goods to an another country .bundling the products together and offering as a one product (freight, transport, packing ,entry passing together as one product ) 1.4 Diversification Firm can move in to a commodity markets where they can buy and sell commodities 2. The Porters Approach 2.1 Cost Leadership Currently the firm provides the lowest cost in the market. Where firm cut the costs to the minimum and pass the savings to the customer with lower price .this help to attract more volumes to the organisation. 2.2 Differentiation The firm can differentiate their product and services more attractive than the competitor .this can be create through customer service, image of the organisation, faster services to the one destination to another. STRATEGY FOR THE GROWTH The firm to use hybrid strategy for the growth .the organisation need to penetrate in to the market using differentiation and cost leadership and must move in to the new products to grow in the market . Currently firm offers the best rate in the market. Offering the best rate will help organisation to gain the cost leadership in the market. Gaining the cost leadership will help secure more volumes from the customers and attract the customers from the competitors. With the cost firm can encourage the customers purchase more products and services and these will help the firm to penetrate in to the market with same products catalogue. Currently firm only offers few services such as freight, transport, packing and entry passing. This will limit the growth opportunities. Firm can enter into a new market segment using supply chain management. This will help the firm to tap in to the appeal industry which is one of the largest import and export market in the country. The growth target was set for the next ten years is 10% for the profit and volume. Through new product development firm can attract more customers and volumes to achieve the set target. Combining few product and services as new product and offering to the customers services like imports from one destination to other destination without importing the goods to Colombo will be a new product development to the firm REFERANCE LIST www.slffa.com http://www.dgshipping.gov.lk

Veterinary Medicine as a Career Essay -- essays papers

VETERINARY MEDICINE AS A CAREER Working with animals has been a dream of mine since childhood. I was raised next door to the town veterinarian, Dr. Murphy. He specialized in farm animals, which my family raised, so he visited our house on a regular basis. He knew I loved to hear stories about his patients and always entertained me, no matter how busy he was. When I was 10, Dr. Murphy gave me a copy of â€Å"All Creatures Great and Small† by James Herriot. The book told the story of a country veterinarian and his daily work. To this day, that book remains one of my favorites and always renews my interest in animals. I recently spoke with Dr. Murphy, who is now retired, about his experience in the field of veterinary medicine. He told me, â€Å"Kid, its long hours and hard work. No matter how exhausted you are though, it’ll all pay off when you hear a newborn calf cry for the first time.† Dr. Murphy went on to reminisce about his years as a successful large animal veterinarian. Although he recently retired, Dr. Murphy still helps the occasional farmer in need. (Murphy n. pag.). Veterinary medicine is a very scientific field that requires extensive training and education. I am currently a Biological Sciences major and plan to apply to Veterinary Medical School at the University of California Davis upon separation from the military. I will be required to take a broad selection of courses ranging from Animal Behavior to Organic Chemistry and Calculus. Once I complete...

The Two Major Causes of the Urban Underclass Essay -- essays research

Soc. 456 The Two Major Causes of the Urban Underclass   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today in the United States, as well as in many other affluent, industrialized nations, there exists an urban underclass, which is defined as a class of people that comprises members of low-income households who have little or no participation in the workforce (Gilbert 2003, p. 274). Currently there are predominantly two distinct, conflicting views of why the underclass exists. On one hand, there is the notion that the underclass is simply the result of its members, who lack values and morals, and advocate unemployment (Whitman and Thornton 1986). Some, on the other hand, believe that social institutions and injustices are to blame for the underclass. According to Julia Rothenberg and Andreas Heinz (1998), â€Å"the current neoconservative discourse about the social behavior and problems of the poor centers around a notion of a morally corrupt underclass.† Charles Murray, a conservative, and one of the leading advocates of this notion, measures the underclass by things like criminality, dropout from the workforce among young men, and illegitimate births among young women. He writes of the members of the underclass as â€Å"people living outside the mainstream, often preying on the mainstream, in a world where the building blocks of a life—work, family and community—exist in fragmented and corrupt forms†(Murray 1999). Because this group of people, which is proportionately small, stays at a relatively constant level in terms of income with seemingly no ambition, Murray blames them for their own problems. Murray’s solution to the underclass is simply to lock up the criminals; he has no sympathy for them, as he believes that they are under complete control of their own actions (Murray 1999). He argues that inner-city poor people have opportunities in low-level jobs, but turn them down, in part because the fast life of the street makes it attractive not to work (Whitman and Thornton 1986). Among people who take the conservative side, the underclass is seen as the scum of society, a class of people that is undeserving of any help. According to Sonia Martin (2004), conservative and non-conservative â€Å"observers frequently view the underclass as homeless, young, black, welfare-dependent, drug-dependent, intellectually disabled, physically disabled, criminals, sole parents (typically women), p... ... some decent-paying employment opportunities. References Gilbert, D. (2003). The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality, United States, Wadsworth. Whitman, D. & Thornton, J. (March 17, 1986). A Nation Apart. U.S. News & World Report. v100. Rothenberg, J. & Heinz, A. (Summer 1998). Meddling with Monkey Metaphors Capitalism and the Threat of Impulsive Desires. Social Justice. v25 n2. Murray, C. (Nov. 1999). And Now for the Bad News. Society. v37 i1. Martin, S. (Feb. 2004). Reconceptualizing Social Exclusion: A Critical Response to the Neoliberal Welfare Reform Agenda and the Underclass Theseis. Australian Journal of Social Issues. v39 i1. Sanoff, A.P. (March 4, 1991). [Interview with Nicholas Lemann, author of The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America]. U.S. News & World Report. v110 n8. Massey, D.S. (Sept. 1990). American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. American Journal of Sociology. v96 n2. Pearson, R.W. (June 1991). Social Statistics and an American Urban Underclass: Improving the Knowledge Base for Social Policy in the 1990s. Journal of the American Statistical Association. v86. n414.

Lean Thinking and Accounting Issues Essay

Womack and Jones (1990 1-6) famously used the term â€Å"lean† on Toyota Motors Corporation referred to Toyota Production System (TPS) in the book The Machine That Changed the World. In the year 1990, the two authors toured various companies in North America, Europe and Japan advocating for companies to convert their mass production practices to lean practices, through presentation of ideas on how to do the same. A movement of management thinkers then emerged which clearly advocates for organizations to identify and if possible completely cut the huge wastes found in mass production. Lean movement supporters opine that forecasts are always wrong, and therefore they advocate managers to work to reduce order-to-delivery time. They also say that there are no more powerful tools available to companies for eliminating waste and creating value than lean ideas, according to Marchwinski and Shook (2003 21-23). Lean Manufacturing; Toyota Motors Corporation Case Toyota Motors Corporation is the most notable successful company in implementation of lean thinking. As a matter of fact, the motor vehicle maker is often used a reference in studying the operations and triumphs of the Lean Thinking management concept. The company introduced the concept of lean manufacturing in its now famous production system, the TPS (Toyota Production System) in the 1980s. The introduction of the concept of lean manufacturing was a move against the grain of the day as the trend of the day by companies was mass production, as Womack and Jones (1996 82-83) mentioned in their book. Toyota Motors Corp became very successful in the wake of implementation of this shake-up in its processes as to become the largest vehicle manufacturer in the world. One important section where lean thinking was applied by TPS is in processing method. A batch-and-queue system was converted into to a continuous flow, which had the effect of doubling labor productivity, cut 90% through output time, reduced injuries and cut errors by fifty percent. The introducing a lean manufacturing strategy was brought about by the need to eliminate the huge waste that the company’s chief executive Ohno (1988 17-31) had observed in the production processes of the company, which he pointed out as to be in the processes of Inventory, waiting, transportation, overproduction, over-processing, motion and over-processing. Lean Principles; In lean thinking, the first step to understand what lean thinking is and the resources-together with the activities- that are necessary in creation of that value. Everything else becomes waste once value is identified. The job of determining what value is and what activities add value should be done at a high level, because nobody would want to consider what he or she does as waste. If any breakthroughs are to be made in lean thinking the ability to see waste should be strong. Something is waste if it does not add value directly. A Toyota Executive, Taiichi Ohno, identified and described the following seven as the types of wastes that are found in any process: Inventory, waiting, transportation, overproduction, over-processing, motion and over-processing. Some authors have added goods and services that do not meet customer’s needs and underutilization of people. There are five lean principles; Value: This principle deals with the value that an organization offers to its clients. It is the complete package of services and products that a business enterprise makes use of to serve its customers and penetrate the market from the angle of view of the clients. Only the ultimate customer can define value (Womack and Jones 1996 218). In line with accounting practices, for instance target costing approach, the price the client is willing to pay is a reflection of the value he derives from the product/service. In turn, the value translates to the service and product costs the enterprise must achieve for the clients as well as the stakeholders to be satisfied. Value stream: It reckons that the processes of an enterprise crate customer-driven performance as well as excellence. The structures of conventional departmental controls contravene lean thinking as it was it posited by Poppendieck (2002 1-2). A business enterprise must comprehend, control and manage its operations through the value steams or processes of the enterprise. In manufacturing companies, there are three top-level value streams; the design and problem solve value stream, the value stream of the product, and the value stream that encompasses the enterprise’s controls and transactions. These value streams more often than not extend to cover entities outside the enterprise such as suppliers, partner firms and the customers. In general terms, all the actions that are required to bring a product to the customer are what are referred to as the stream values. Flow: The ideas connected to â€Å"flow† have their origins in the Toyota Production System. The lean movement is of the stance that anything that interferes with the flow of services as well as goods out to the customer through the value stream should be designated as waste. The value stream must be studied by an enterprise in order to achieve smooth, uninterrupted flow from production materials to delivered services and products. In this way, an enterprise ruthlessly, eliminates waste from its processes.

Project Management Problems

In replying the below inquiries you are to supply a brief analysis of the place at jurisprudence, backed with commendations of the relevant legal commissariats, case-law and commentary. Address the points tersely in such a mode as to demo that you have understood the rules that come into drama and modulate the state of affairs being described.Undertaking Manager is approached by a client who would wish to contract Project Manager’s services as a undertaking director. Undertaking Manager would wish to restrict his exposure to amendss in position of the fact that he will necessitate to contract the services of assorted professionals to complete the occupation.How can he make that?As stated in the Civil Code 960, ‘A contract is an understanding or an agreement between two or more individuals by which an duty is created, regulated, or dissolved.’ This means that if the Project Manager is contracted by the Client, and in bend the Project Manager contracts 3rd parties, the Project Managerstraightwill reply, in favor of the Client for the amendss that are caused by those 3rd parties that the Project would hold engaged. The primary method of understating exposure to amendss is to choose for an Indemnity insurance. This means that in instance of harm, the insurance would counterbalance the Undertaking Manager ( or the client in inquiry, straight ) . Furthermore, the insurance company on payment of the damages, would be subrogated in the rights of its client/project director, thereby it can turn against the party who is found to be responsible for the amendss. Alternatively, On the other manus, the Project Manager has two possible contractual understandings, each with different legal and practical deductions:A Contract with the client and a sub-contract with the 3rd party professional ( ‘sub-contractors’ ) . With a position to minimise the hazards, the latter contract should reproduce the same hazards and precautions which would hold been included in the chief understanding, i.e. The understanding between the client and undertaking director.A contract with the client for supervising the undertaking, where the client has a distinguishable contract with the 3rd party professionals ( the sub-contractors ) .To restrict exposure to amendss, option 2 is safer, but may non be acceptable from the client’s point of position who himself would desire to restrict his exposure/risks. In this instance, each contract would be one where, ‘the individual set abouting the work shall confer merely his labor or accomplishment, or tha t he shall besides provide the materials.’ ( Civil Code 1663 ) . Furthermore, the Project Manager would in bend be dissolved from any incompetence by the other professionals because as stated in the Civil Code 1037, ‘where a individual for any work or service whatsoever employs another individual who is unqualified, or whom he has non sensible evidences to see competent, he shall be apt for any harm which such other individual may, through incompetency in the public presentation of such work or service, cause to others.’ In such instances, the client is considered to be a contractor, and hence is apt ‘for the Acts of the Apostless of the individuals employed by him.’ ( Civil Code 1642 ) In the latter instance, if a client files for amendss against the Project Manager, said Project Manager may raise the supplication that he is non the 1 to reply for the amendss of the 3rd party sub-contractors ( since he would non hold contracted them ) and may besides name to the suit the said 3rd parties or in bend file for amendss against the sub-contractors, as stated under Article 1038 of the Civil Code ‘Any individual who without the necessary accomplishment undertakes any work or serve shall be apt for any harm which, through his unskilfulness, he may do to others.’ In the former instance ( where the Project Manager contracts straight with the Client ) , if the client files for amendss against the Project Manager, the said Project Manager may non raise the supplication that he is non the 1 to reply for the amendss of the 3rd party sub-contractors ( since he would non hold contracted them ) . Furthermore, he may arguably NOT sell to the suit the said 3rd parties, but if found responsible ( for the Acts of the Apostless or skips of the said 3rd parties, which the client would hold to turn out anyhow ) so he MAY in bend file for amendss against the sub-contractors, as stated under Article 1038 of the Civil Code ‘Any individual who without the necessary accomplishment undertakes any work or serve shall be apt for any harm which, through his unskilfulness, he may do to others.’ In any given instance, noteworthy in the context being discussed, the rule contemplated under Article 1138 of the Civil which states that ‘Where the understanding provides that the party who fails to transport it out shall pay a certain amount by manner of amendss, it shall non be lawful to present to the other party a greater or lesser sum.’Does it do a difference if the client is a natural individual undertaking the occupation for his/her personal demands or if the client is abargainer [ SM1 ]? Why?In this instance, a differentiation between Natural [ SM2 ] and Legal individual [ SM3 ] has to be given. The natural individual is by and large a physical entity that is responsible in his ain name for any skip [ SM4 ] , unless he proves that he has contracted on behalf of others. On the other manus, a legal individual is one that is non-physical ( like for illustration a company ) . A natural individual and a legal individual have the ability to either contract in their na me or on behalf of others. Both parties enjoy the ability to come in into contracts. When a Undertaking Manager is undertaking with a legal individual, he is undertaking non with persons but with the company itself, which enjoys a separate legal personality from its members/shareholders.Undertaking Manager is an designer and, apart from moving as undertaking director, will be personally responsible for the construction/ change works. He would wish to restrict his exposure for defects as best he could.How can he make this contractually?First and first, one can non take it for granted that the Project Manager is the designer, intending that if the Project Manager did non straight take portion in the programs and building of the undertaking, he/she shall non be found apt on the footing of the fact that he besides happens to be an designer by profession. Furthermore, one has the right to even diminish contractually the 15 twelvemonth clip span in instance of defects. Such timespan is gi ven in the Civil Code ( 1638 ) , ’If a edifice or other considerable rock work erected under a edifice contract shall, in the class of 15 old ages from the twenty-four hours on which the building of the same was completed, perish, entirely or in portion, or be in apparent danger of falling to destroy, owing to a defect in the building, or even owing to some defect in the land, the designer and the contractor shall be responsible therefor.’Does it do a difference if the client is a natural individual moving in his/her personal capacity or a bargainer?As antecedently mentioned, a natural individual is by and large a physical entity that is responsible in his ain name, unless he proves that he has contracted on behalf of others. On the other manus, a legal individual ( bargainer ) [ Di5 ] is one that is non-physical ( like for illustration a company ) . There is a given that whoever contracts does so in his ain name, unless he proves that he has contracted in the name of another individual. The debitor has the duties to do it clear that he is undertaking in the name of a company. The foregoing considerations apply whether the client is a natural individual ( single or bargainer ) or a legal individual ( company ) .Undertaking Manager is engaged and in order for him to carry through his battle he issues petitions for citations to three providers of stuffs. He stipulates a cap. They all reply with a quotation mark within the cap.Has an understanding been formed?No, an understanding has non been formed. Invitations to offer occurred when the Project Manager asked for a quotation mark. If this is non accepted, no contract has been formed. Said offer is capable to acceptance until and unless that offer is accepted, there is no contract.If so, at what phase [ SM6 ]?[ Di7 ]A contract is ‘an understanding reached between two or more parties which is lawfully enforceable when executed in conformity with specific requirements.’ Note that contract s should be specific to the undertaking in inquiry, every bit good as reflecting the understanding between the parties in inquiry. Contracts are adhering understandings, which is why it is of great importance that all parties understand the footings entailed by said contract, including rights and duties. Every contract consists of the followers:Offer ;Credence ;‘Acceptance ‘ occurs when both parties arrive to an unqualified understanding of all the offered footings. However, a period of dialogue normally occurs. The purpose of the dialogues is to present new footings and conditions and counter offers to the original offer, so as to get to an understanding that satisfies all parties. Communication of credence The credence of the contract offer occurs merely when the credence is communicated to the offerer. This includes methods like:By telephoneWriteIf non, why? And what is required to organize the contract?No credence has been given by the Project Manager to any of the provided quotation marks. For a contract to be formed, an exchange of an offer from, in this instance the providers, and an credence from the Project Manager must happen. Note that both parties must hold the purpose to adhere themselves. Furthermore, both offer and credence must beecht Acts of the Apostless of will that manifest the relevant consent. It is deserving nil that a contract is valid despite being non written, i.e. Credence by word of oral cavity or electronic mail is besides a contract, unless the jurisprudence expressly requires that the understanding should be in composing. These necessities of offer and credence are non mentioned in the Civil Code ( unlike Italian Civil Code ) . They are specifically mentioned in the Commercial Code and Electronic Commerce Act. The civil codification ( under 966 ) merely spells what is required for the cogency of a contract: (a) Capacity of the parties to contract ; (B) The consent of the party who binds himself ; (degree Celsiuss) A certain thing which constitutes the subject-matter of the contract ; (vitamin D) A lawful consideration.The most favorable quotation mark, from A, comes with a clause saying that â€Å"An understanding must be made in authorship and all payments must be made in advance.† Project director writes to A accepting the quotation mark. Is this sufficient?Yes, in this instance, there is sufficient cogent evidence that a contract has been formed. An offer has been given by A, which was so accepted ‘in writing’ by the Project Manager, a phase of personal businesss which is so confirmed by the fact that works would later be undertaken, in pursuit of and in conformity with the same quotation mark.Undertaking director pays the monetary value and A provides the stuffs, but these are found non to be in line with the specifications requested. What is the consequence of this? What are Project Manager’s options at jurisprudence?When a marketer is selling building stuff, he is ‘bound to justify the thing sold against any latent defects w hich render it unfit for the usage for which it is intended, or which diminish its value to such an extent that the purchaser would non hold bought it or would hold tendered a smaller price..’ ( Civil Code Article 1424 ) When such required are non met, the undermentioned occurs:Client dissatisfactionDelaies in undertaking completionThe marketer is ‘answerable for latent defects, even though they were non known to him, unless he has stipulated that he shall non in any such instance be bound to any warranty.’ As a consequence of this, the Project Manager has two options at jurisprudence ;Actio RedhibitoriaTo return the stuff and have the monetary value repaid to him. Compensation for amendss may be besides implemented.Actio AestimatoriaTo retain the stuff and have a portion of the monetary value repaid to him which shall be determined by the tribunal.Civil Code Article 1434, ‘The purchaser, even though at that place be no understanding to that consequence, is bound to pay involvement on the monetary value up to the twenty-four hours of payment at the rate of five per centper annum, randomly in the undermentioned instances: (a) if the thing sold and delivered outputs fruits or other net incomes ; (B) if, even though the thing yields no fruits or other net incomes, he has been called upon by agencies of a judicial hint to pay the monetary value ; (degree Celsiuss) if the bringing of the thing, being movable, has non taken topographic point through the mistake of the purchaser, and the marketer has called upon him, by agencies of a judicial hint, to take bringing of the thing: Provided that in the instances mentioned in paragraphs (B) and (degree Celsiuss) , involvement shall run merely from the twenty-four hours of the service of the said judicial intimatation.Undertaking director has besides engaged the services of an lineman, B. The contract stated that B had to finish the plants within two months harmonizing to a agenda of plants agreed to. Following the first month it is clear that B has non completed 1/3 of the plants he was to finish within the period of one month. It is clear to project director that B will non finish the plants within two months and now it will be possible for Project Manager to maintain to the timelines imposed on him by client merely if he hires a larger administration to make the plants alternatively of B. But these alternate service suppliers will be more expensive.What are the Project Manager’s options?The Project Manager has the right to register for amendss due to non-performance against the Electrician but would hol d to wait that the term of the contract has expired, as follows:Termination of Contract due to non-performance, ’ Civil Code 1640.( 1 ) it shall be lawful for the employer to fade out the contract, even though the work has been commenced. ( 3 ) If the employer has valid ground for the disintegration, he is to pay the contractor merely such amount which shall non transcend the disbursals and work of the contractor, after taking into consideration the utility of such disbursals and work to the employer every bit good as any amendss which he may hold suffered.’In such instances, choosing for Termination of Contract could ensue in farther holds. One of the Project Manager’s chief functions is to understate amendss, and hence the option of expiration may non be feasible and commercially practical. Punishments would hold been set up contractually that the party in inquiry ( in this instance Electrician B ) , should pay a certain sum for every twenty-four hours of hold . Naturally the Undertaking director would be exposed to liability towards the client but at least he would hold safeguarded himself against the Electrician..Who will hold to bear the addition in costs if Project Manager engages these new service suppliers?The addition in costs are to be incurred by the Electrician B. This includes the followers: Article 1135 of the Civil Code, ’†¦damages due to the creditor are, by and large, in regard of the loss which he has sustained, and the net income of which he has been deprived. Article 1136 of the Civil Code, ’the debitor shall merely be apt for such amendss as were or could hold been foreseen at the clip of the agreement.’Will it do a difference if Project Manager is moving as chief or agent?When a Undertaking Manager is moving as chief, he has to reply for the actions holds. If he’s moving as an agent for a 3rd party, he would be replying in the name of the party, provided that it is clear that the undertaking director is moving in the name of that 3rd party.Undertaking Manager requires pigment. He is approached by a individual who states that he is the local agent of an internationally celebrated industry and the said â€Å"agent† offers a really advantageous monetary value. Undertaking Manager orders the pigment, this is supplied and Project Manager pays for it. But before the pigment is used Project Manager sees a Notice in the newspaper stating that the international maker has nil to make with the â€Å"agent† and th at the â€Å"agent† is a fraudster. Undertaking Manager does non desire to utilize the pigment as he will non be covered by the â€Å"international guarantee† that was purportedly provided by the international maker. What are his options at jurisprudence?In the instance of fraud, the Project Manager has the right to register for nothingness of the understanding in inquiry. As stated in Article 981 of the Civil Code, ’Fraud shall be a cause of nothingness of the understanding Fraud. When the ruses practised by one of the parties were such that without them the other party would non hold contracted.’ The debitor, which in this instance is the agent providing the pigment, is to pay ‘the compensation in regard of the loss sustained by the creditor, and of the net income of which he was deprived, shall merely include such amendss as are the immediate and direct effect of the non-performance.’ ( Civil Code Article 1137 ) . When the mandatary ( provider of pigment ) acts beyond the authorization given to him by the authorization, he may be found responsible for those actions in his ain name. Page1of12